Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Why
did Newton feel the need to postulate an infinite universe? a. | He believed that
God was not finite, thus the universe had to be infinite | b. | He thought that
an infinite universe was more in keeping with the Greek view of things | c. | He reasoned that
if the universe were finite, then all the matter would collapse in on itself because of mutual
graviational attraction. | d. | He deduced that the universe was infinite from the
observational evidence. | e. | He postulated an infinite universe because that was the
prevailing belief at the time | | |
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2.
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According to Henrich Olber, if the universe is infinite, then a. | the night sky
should look pretty much as it does now. | b. | the night sky should be a blaze of
light. | c. | there should be fewer stars visible in the night
sky. | d. | there should be
more bright stars and fewer dim stars visible in the night sky. | e. | there should be
more dim stars and fewer bright stars visible in the night sky. | | |
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3.
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Which
of the following are solution(s) to Olber's paradox. a. | the universe is
infinitely old | b. | the universe is not infinitely old. | c. | the universe is
static and, thus, light always has the same quality | d. | the universe is
expanding, so distant light has a different quality than light from near by
souces | e. | both b. and d. | | |
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4.
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According to Einstein's general relativity, what determines how the universe is
curved? a. | the number of
stars per average galaxy. | b. | the value of the speed of light in the early
universe. | c. | the total mass of the universe. | d. | the average
temperature of the universe | e. | none of the above. | | |
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5.
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What
is the Cosmological Principle? a. | the universe is infinitely old. | b. | the universe is
not infinitely old. | c. | the universe is homogeneous but not
isotropic | d. | the universe is isotropic and
homogeneous | e. | the universe is isotropic, but not
homogeneous | | |
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6.
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What
is the principle of uniformity a. | the idea that the laws of nature as we know them apply
everywhere in the universe | b. | the idea that, taken over a large enough scale, the
composition of the universe is everywhere the same. | c. | the idea that
the universe is the same no matter which direction you look. | d. | both a and
b | e. | both b and
c | | |
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7.
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What
do we mean when we say the universe is homogeneous? a. | the idea that
the laws of nature as we know them apply everywhere in the universe | b. | the idea that,
taken over a large enough scale, the composition of the universe is everywhere the
same. | c. | the idea that the universe is the same no matter which
direction you look. | d. | both a and b | e. | both b and
c | | |
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8.
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What
do we mean when we say the universe is isotropic? a. | the idea that
the laws of nature as we know them apply everywhere in the universe | b. | the idea that,
taken over a large enough scale, the composition of the universe is everywhere the
same. | c. | the idea that the universe is the same no matter which
direction you look. | d. | both a and b | e. | both b and
c | | |
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9.
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What
role did George Lameitre play in modern cosmology? a. | proposed a model
of the origin of the universe based on the assumption that the universe is
static. | b. | the first to estimate the size of the universe.
| c. | proposed the
“steady state” universe. | d. | proposed a model of the origin of the universe in which the
universe had no beginning. | e. | proposed a model of the origin of the universe based on the
fact that the universe is expanding, a forerunner of the “big
bang”model. | | |
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10.
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What
role did Fred Hoyle play in modern cosmology? a. | proposed a model
of the origin of the universe based on the assumption that the universe is
static. | b. | the first to estimate the size of the universe.
| c. | proposed the
“steady state” universe. | d. | proposed a model of the origin of the universe which oscillated
in time, from “big bang” to “big crunch”. | e. | proposed a model
of the origin of the universe based on the fact that the universe is expanding, a forerunner of the
“big bang”model. | | |
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11.
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What
role did George Gamow play in modern cosmology? a. | Gamow was a
strong proponent of the “big bang” model | b. | Gamow was a
strong proponent of the “steady state” model | c. | Gamow’s
model predicted the cosmic abundance of the elements. | d. | Gamow estimated
the present day temperature of the cosmic background radiation. | e. | a, c and
d | | |
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12.
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Who
coined the term Big Bang to describe our modern theory of cosmology? a. | Edwin
Hubble | b. | George Gamow | c. | George
Lameitre | d. | Fred Hoyle | e. | Ceclia
Payne | | |
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13.
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What predictions made by the Big Bang theory have been subsequently
fulfilled? a. | the cosmic
abundance of the elements | b. | the cosmic microwave background | c. | the universe
looks different in different epochs | d. | only a and b | e. | a, b and
c | | |
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14.
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According to recent findings what is the shape of the universe? a. | flat | b. | curved positive | c. | curved
negative | d. | partially negative and partially
positive | e. | not able to tell at the present time.
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15.
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Which
chemical element is necessary for organic chemistry? a. | hydrogen | b. | carbon | c. | helium | d. | barium | e. | uranium | | |
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16.
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What
were the results of the Miller-Urey experiment? a. | Life was created in the laboratory under conditions present on
the early Earth | b. | The experiment yielded nothing relevant to the origin of life.
| c. | The experiment
yielded amino acids, the building blocks of life, under conditions present on the early
Earth. | d. | The experiment yielded inorganic compounds, indicating that
life could not have started under conditions present on the early Earth. | e. | This experiment
established that nothing can move faster than light. | | |
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17.
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What
does the Drake equation try to estimate? a. | the total amount of mass in the
universe. | b. | the age of the universe. | c. | the number of
communicating civilizations currently in the galaxy. | d. | the probability
that life will develop on earth-like planets. | e. | the cosmic
abundance of the elements. | | |
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18.
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The diagram above represents the celestial sphere to an observer
standing in the center. For an observer in Cerritos, which small letter represents the
zenith?
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19.
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The diagram above represents the celestial sphere to an observer
standing in the center. For an observer in Cerritos, which small letter represents the
celestial north pole?
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20.
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Which solar system objects appear to move as shown in the above
diagram? a. | Mars and
Mercury | d. | Mars, Jupiter
and Saturn | b. | Venus, Mercury and Jupiter | e. | the sun and the moon | c. | Venus and
Mercury | | | | |
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21.
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How
is the synodic month defined? a. | The time period from one new moon until the next new
moon | b. | The time it
takes for the moon to return to the same node | c. | The time it
takes for the moon to return to the same location on the celestial sphere | d. | The time period
from new moon to full moon | e. | A series of lunar eclipses occuring at 18 year
intervals | | |
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22.
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The
set of constellations that the sun appears to pass through during the course of a year
is known as a. | the
zodiac | b. | the nadir | c. | the celestial
equator | d. | the meridian | e. | the
ecliptic | | |
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23.
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Which
one of the following phenomena is a product of human culture (i.e., you would not
necessarily expect to find it in all cultures)? a. | sidereal month | b. | leap
year | c. | the
ecliptic | d. | winter solstice | e. | autumnal
equinox | | |
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24.
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The decimal equivalent of the above Mayan number is a. | 520 | b. | 2500 | c. | 5002 | d. | 2020 | e. | 1020 | | |
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25.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Which of the above Mayan numbers represents six synodic months
(177 days)?
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26.
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What
ratio did the Maya use to match the Venus "year" to the solar year a. | 8 Venus years =
5 solar years | b. | 1 Venus year = 1 solar year | c. | 5 Venus years =
8 solar years | d. | 2 Venus years = 1 solar year | e. | 1 Venus year = 2
solar years | | |
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27.
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What is the structure pointed to by the arrow called? a. | Aubrey
Stone | b. | Heel Stone | c. | Trilithon | d. | Sarsen Arch | e. | Station
Stone | | |
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28.
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Who
is usually given credit for being the "first" philosopher? a. | Aristotle | b. | Thales | c. | Ptolemy | d. | Democritus | e. | Aristarchus | | |
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29.
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Who
was the first to use geometrical techniques to measure the distance between the earth and the moon
and between the earth and the sun? a. | Aristarchus | b. | Aristotle | c. | Ptolemy | d. | Eratosthenes | e. | Hipparchus | | |
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30.
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Who
wrote a book entitled On the Heavens where, among other things, presented rational
arguments in favor of a spherical earth? a. | Aristotle | b. | Thales | c. | Ptolemy | d. | Democritus | e. | Aristarchus | | |
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31.
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In
the geocentric model of the solar system, how is the day (one 24 hour
period) explained? a. | The sun makes one round trip around the celestial sphere along
the ecliptic | b. | The celestial sphere makes one complete (360°) rotation on
its axis | c. | The earth makes one complete (360°) rotation on its
axis | d. | The earth makes
one round trip around the sun | e. | The moon makes one round trip around the celestial
sphere | | |
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32.
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In
the geocentric model of the solar system, how is the year (one 365.25 day
period) explained? a. | The sun makes one round trip around the celestial sphere along
the ecliptic | b. | The celestial sphere makes one complete (360°) rotation on
its axis | c. | The earth makes one complete (360°) rotation on its
axis | d. | The earth makes
one round trip around the sun | e. | The moon makes one round trip around the celestial
sphere | | |
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33.
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In
the heliocentric model of the solar system, how is the year (one 365.25
day period) explained? a. | The sun makes one round trip around the celestial sphere along
the ecliptic | b. | The celestial sphere makes one complete (360°) rotation on
its axis | c. | The earth makes one complete (360°) rotation on its
axis | d. | The earth makes
one round trip around the sun | e. | The moon makes one round trip around the celestial
sphere | | |
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34.
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In
the helioocentric model of the solar system, how is the day (one 24 hour
period) explained? a. | The sun makes one round trip around the celestial sphere along
the ecliptic | b. | The celestial sphere makes one complete (360°) rotation on
its axis | c. | The earth makes one complete (360°) rotation on its axis
| d. | The earth makes
one round trip around the sun | e. | The moon makes one round trip around the celestial
sphere | | |
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35.
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Who credited
with formulating the three laws of spectroscopy? a. | Josef Fraunhofer and
Fredrich Bessel | b. | Christian Huygens | c. | James Bradley and
Edmond Halley | d. | Peirre Gassendi | e. | Wilhelm Bunsen and
Gustav Kirchhoff | | |
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36.
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Which of the
following techniques is a direct method for determining the diameter of a
star? a. | Kepler's second
law | b. | Analysis of the surface
temperature of the star | c. | Wein's law | d. | Quantitative observations of an eclipsing binary
system | e. | Newton's third law | | |
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37.
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How is
the temperature of a star determined? a. | from its
diameter | b. | from its mass | c. | from its distance to
the sun | d. | from its color | e. | from Newton's third
law | | |
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38.
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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The above diagrams show the Bohr hydrogen atom in several different
energy states. Which (one or more) of these diagrams shows the electron positioned to emit a
photon of the Balmer series? a. | (1) | b. | (3) | c. | (4) | d. | (2) and (3) | e. | (1) and
(4) | | |
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39.
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What
did Edwin Hubble discover about the spectra of the great majority of galaxies? a. | their spectra
were very similar to the spectrum of sun.. | b. | their spectral lines were shifted toward the red end of the
spectrum | c. | their spectral lines were shifted toward the blue end of the
spectrum | d. | their spectra differed significantly from those of the sun and
nearby stars | e. | their spectral lines consisted mostly of emission
lines. | | |
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40.
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Which
of the following is attributed to Edwin Hubble a. | using Cepheid variables to determine that the sun is not the
center of the Milky Way | b. | using spectroscopic methods to determine that the zone of
avoidance is mostly dust | c. | using Cepheid variables to show that the Andromeda nebula
is very distant | d. | using Cepheid variables to show that the nova seen in the
Andromeda nebula was not as bright as originally believed | e. | using main
sequence stars to show that the Andromeda nebula is distant | | |
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41.
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Which
of the following best summarizes Newton's first law of motion? a. | "It is vain
to do with more what can be done with less." | b. | The retrograde
motion of Mars is explained by Earth passing Mars as both orbit the sun. | c. | All planets move
around the sun along elliptical orbits. The sun is at the one of the foci of the
ellipse. | d. | "What goes up must come
down." | e. | A body at rest or in uniform motion remains at rest or uniform
motion until acted upon by an external force. | | |
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42.
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What did
William Herschel discover about the distribution of stars? a. | There were more stars
in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere | b. | There were more stars
in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere | c. | There were relatively
few stars in regions near the Milky Way | d. | There were relatively more stars in the regions near the Milky
Way | e. | There was no obvious
pattern to the distribution of the stars | | |
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43.
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Who
was the first to show that "white" light is composed of all the colors? a. | Isaac
Newton | b. | William Herschel | c. | Alhazen | d. | Christian Huygens | e. | Giovanni
Cassini | | |
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44.
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Which
of the following best summarizes Newton's third law of motion? a. | For every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction. | b. | The retrograde motion of Mars is explained by Earth passing
Mars as both orbit the sun. | c. | All planets move around the sun along elliptical orbits.
The sun is at the one of the foci of the ellipse. | d. | "What goes
up must come down." | e. | A body at rest or in uniform motion remains at rest or uniform
motion until acted upon by an external force. | | |
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45.
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Which
(one or more) of the following facts did Herschel learn by studying double stars? a. | That most
doubles just seem to be close together, but are actually far apart | b. | That most
doubles are close to each other and orbit around a common center of
gravity. | c. | That stars have different
luminosities | d. | Both a and b | e. | Both b and
c | | |
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46.
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Why
are professional astronomical observatories placed on mountain tops? a. | It is cheaper to
build there | b. | A mountain top is a little bit closer to astronomical
objects | c. | The air is thinner and the "seeing" is
better | d. | Optical instruments have a longer working life at high
altitudes | e. | The effect of chromatic aberration in refracting telescopes is
less at high altitudes | | |
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47.
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Which
of the following best summarizes Newton's universal law of gravity? a. | For every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction. | b. | The gravitational force between two masses is
proportional to the product of their masses divided by the square of the distance between them
| c. | A body at rest
or in uniform motion remains at rest or uniform motion until acted upon by an external force.
| d. | The force acting
upon a body is proportional to its mass times its change in velocity. | e. | "What goes
up must come down" | | |
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48.
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Which
of the following best summarizes Newton's second law of
motion? a. | All planets move
around the sun along elliptical orbits. The sun is at the one of the foci of the ellipse.
| b. | The
gravitational force between two masses is proportional to the product of their masses divided
by the square of the distance between them | c. | "It is vain
to do with more what can be done with less" | d. | The force acting
upon a body is proportional to its mass times its change in velocity. | e. | "What goes
up must come down" | | |
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49.
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The above
diagram shows two planets orbiting the sun, both traveling in the direction indicated by the curved
arrow. Now suppose that the forward motion of both planets suddenly ceases. The planets
stop moving forward. Which way will the two planets move?
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50.
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You observe
two stars in the night sky and notice that both stars have the same color, but
one star is much brighter than the other. If you know that both stars have the
same luminosity then a. | The two stars must be at different distances from
us | b. | The two stars must at
the same distance from us | c. | One star has a much greater diameter than the
other | d. | One star is much hotter than the other | e. | The two stars make up a
binary system | | |
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51.
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Which
of the following statements best describes Johannes Kepler's model of the solar
system? a. | The sun is the
center of the solar system. The Earth is a planet orbiting the sun along a perfectly circular
orbit just like all of the other planets. | b. | The sun is the center of the solar system. The Earth is a
planet orbiting the sun along an elliptical orbit just like all of the other
planets. | c. | The Earth is stationary and at the center of the solar
system. The sun, moon, and planets all orbit the Earth along perfectly circular Earth-centered
orbits. | d. | The Earth is stationary and in the center of the solar
system. However, all of the planets (Earth excluded) orbit the sun. Then the sun, along
with its companion planets, orbits the Earth along a perfectly circular orbit.
| e. | The Earth is
stationary and at the center of the solar system. The sun, moon, and planets all orbit the
Earth along elliptical orbits centered on the Earth. | | |
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52.
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Which
of the following statements best describes Nicholas Copernicus' model of the solar
system? a. | The sun is the
center of the solar system. The Earth is a planet orbiting the sun along a perfectly circular
orbit just like all of the other planets. | b. | The sun is the center of the solar system. The Earth is a
planet orbiting the sun along an elliptical orbit just like all of the other
planets. | c. | The Earth is stationary and at the center of the solar
system. The sun, moon, and planets all orbit the Earth along perfectly circular Earth-centered
orbits. | d. | The Earth is stationary and in the center of the solar
system. However, all of the planets (Earth excluded) orbit the sun. Then the sun, along
with its companion planets, orbits the Earth along a perfectly circular orbit.
| e. | The Earth is
stationary and at the center of the solar system. The sun, moon, and planets all orbit the
Earth along elliptical orbits centered on the Earth. | | |
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53.
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The
book in which Galileo first described his observations of the moon and Jupiter was
entitled a. | "The Starry
Messenger" | b. | "Dialogue on the Two Chief World
Systems" | c. | "Letter on Sunspots" | d. | "Discourse
on Two New Sciences" | e. | "The Almagest" | | |
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54.
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In
what way was Nicholas Copernicus' solar system the same as Ptolemy's? a. | Both had the sun
in the center | b. | Both had the Earth in the center | c. | In both systems
the Earth was a planet | d. | In both systems all orbits were perfect
circles | e. | In both systems all orbits were
ellipses | | |
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55.
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Which
of the following statements is true about Tycho's observations of the "new star"
(nova) a. | He found that the nova did not exhibit parallax, and,
therefore, it must be farther away than the moon. | b. | He found that
the nova exhibited more parallax than the moon and, therefore, must be closer than the moon.
| c. | He discovered
that the brightness of the nova fluctuated in a periodic manner and this information could be used to
determine its distance. | d. | Using a telescope, he was able to see the nova expand and
contract in diameter. | e. | His accurate star charts enable him to determine that the
"new" star was actually an "old" star which blew up. | | |
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56.
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Which
of the following best summarizes Kepler's first law? a. | "It is vain
to do with more what can be done with less." | b. | The retrograde
motion of Mars is explained by Earth passing Mars as both orbit the sun. | c. | All planets move
around the sun along elliptical orbits. The sun is at the one of the foci of the
ellipse. | d. | "What goes up must come
down." | e. | All planets move around the sun along perfect circles
(orbits). The sun is at the center of these circular orbits. | | |
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57.
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Which
of the following people was a Danish nobleman with his own island observatory? a. | Galileo
Galilei | b. | Nicholas Copernicus | c. | Johannes
Kepler | d. | Tycho Brahe | e. | Giordano
Bruno | | |
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58.
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For
what offence was Galileo officially condemned by the inquisition? a. | For using the
telescope to look at the heavens and encouraging others to do the same, a practice declared heretical
in 1603 by Pope Urban VIII. | b. | For publishing a book in which the Copernican system was
presented as one of several equally plausible world systems, thereby disobeying a direct order
from the Vatican. | c. | For publishing a book which insisted that the Copernican system
was not compatible with the Bible, thereby disobeying a direct order from the
Vatican. | d. | For publishing a book in which claimed to present several
equally plausible world systems, but which strongly implied that the Copernican system was the only
true one, thereby disobeying a direct order from the Vatican. | e. | For publishing a
book which insisted that only the Copernican system was compatible with the Bible, thereby
disobeying a direct order from the Vatican. | | |
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59.
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Which
of the following people was an Italian professor of mathematics? a. | Galileo
Galilei | b. | Nicholas Copernicus | c. | Johannes
Kepler | d. | Tycho Brahe | e. | Giordano
Bruno | | |
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60.
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Which
of the following people was a Polish cleric (church official)? a. | Galileo
Galilei | b. | Nicholas Copernicus | c. | Johannes
Kepler | d. | Tycho Brahe | e. | Giordano
Bruno | | |
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61.
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When
light from a star passes close to the sun, the position of that star on the celestial sphere appears
a. | to be further
from the sun than when the sun is not present | b. | to be closer to
the sun than when the sun is not present | c. | to disappear | d. | to be in the
same place as it is when the sun is not present | e. | to be closer or
further from the sun, depending on the spectral class of the star | | |
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62.
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Einstein's ___________ principle states that an observer cannot distinguish between
the force exerted on her due to an acceleration and force exerted on her by a massive
body a. | uniformity | b. | relativity | c. | cosmological | d. | plenitude | e. | equivalence | | |
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63.
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According to general relativity, what is gravity? a. | a force
field | b. | a curvature of space-time | c. | equivalent to
dark matter | d. | the same as energy | e. | depends on the
frame of reference | | |
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64.
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What
happens to time in a gavitational field? a. | Time flows at the same rate in all graviational
fields | b. | Time speeds up in a gravitational field. The stronger the
field, the faster time flows | c. | Time slows down in a gravitational field. The stronger the
field, the slower time flows. | d. | The stronger the gravitational field, the more difficult it is
to measure time | e. | none of the above | | |
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65.
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Why
are astronauts orbiting the Earth weightless? a. | They are beyond the reach of Earth's gravitational
field | b. | The gravitational fields of Earth, the moon and the sun pull in
equal and opposite directions and cancel each other out. | c. | The acceleration
of the spacecraft produces a force that is equal and opposite to the Earth's gravitational
field. | d. | The astronauts are following the curvature of space around a
massive body (the Earth) | e. | They are weightless relative to the spacecraft but not relative
to the Earth | | |
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66.
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Why
do main sequence stars have different surface temeperatures? a. | Their chemical
compositions differ. Hot stars have more hydrogen than cool stars | b. | They have
different masses - hot stars are more massive than cool stars | c. | They have
different masses - cool stars are more massive than hot stars | d. | neutrino
production is different in stars with different temperatures | e. | It depends on
their age - new stars are cooler because the thermonuclear reaction is just
starting | | |
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67.
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Why
are most stars found on the main sequence? a. | main sequence stars are cooler than stars off the main
sequence. | b. | main sequence stars are more plentiful at this stage of cosmic
evolution | c. | other evolutionary stages - protostar and giant - are very
short compared to the main sequence. | d. | main sequence stars are much brighter than stars off the main
sequence and are, therefore, easier to see | e. | most main sequence stars are in hydrostatic
equilibrium | | |
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68.
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What
is nucleosynthesis? a. | energy generation through the breakup of large
nuclei | b. | process of turning neutral atoms into
ions | c. | the process of
exciting nuclei in the ground state so that they are ready to emit
radiation | d. | the process of fusing two smaller nuclei together to make
larger nuclei | e. | also known as fission | | |
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69.
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In
what stage of a star's life does it become a red giant? a. | in the
beginning, at the protostar stage | b. | in the middle, when it is in hydrostatic
equilibrium | c. | after its outer shell drifts away as a planetary
nebula | d. | right before its surface drops below the event
horizon | e. | in the later stages, when it moves off the main
sequence. | | |
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70.
|
What
property of a star determines whether it ultimately becomes a white dwarf, neutron star, or black
hole? a. | its
temperature | b. | its location in the galaxy | c. | its
diameter | d. | its mass | e. | its chemical
composition | | |
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71.
|
What
is the Chandrasekhar Limit? a. | The smallest that a body can be and still ignite thermonuclear
fusion | b. | The greatest mass that a white dwarf can have without imploding
into a neutron star or black hole | c. | The maximum number of stars that can be seen from the northern
hemisphere with the naked eye. | d. | The greatest mass a neutron star can have before it implodes
into a black hole | e. | The largest nuclei that can be synthesized in the core of
massive stars | | |
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72.
|
What
prevents a white dwarf from collapsing? a. | degenerate neutron pressure | b. | hydrostatic
equilibrium | c. | degenerate electron pressure | d. | degernerate
proton pressure | e. | nucelosynthesis | | |
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73.
|
What
is the nuclear reaction which powers the sun? a. | fission | b. | fusion | c. | the proton-proton chain | d. | a and
b | e. | b and
c | | |
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74.
|
Who
was the first woman to become full professor at Harvard? a. | Vera
Ruben | b. | Henreitta Leavitt | c. | Annie Jump
Canon | d. | Jocelyn Bell | e. | Cecilia
Payne | | |
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75.
|
Why
do stars produce energy at all wavelengths but planets do not? a. | Planets are made
of different materials than stars. | b. | Planets are not massive enough to ignite a thermonuclear
reaction. | c. | The liquid part of a planet’s core damps out the
thermonuclear reaction | d. | The density of atoms in the interior of planets is too
great | e. | The density of atoms in the interior of planets is too
variable | | |
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